Syllabus | PHYSIOLOGY | B. Sc. (Nutrition & Dietetics) | First Year

1. No

 Module 1

• Red blood cells––Erythropoiesis, stages of differentiation function, count, physiological variations

• Hemoglobin–structure, functions, concentration,  physiological variation
• Methods of estimation of Hb
• White blood cells– Production, function, life span, count, differential count

• Platelets– Origin, normal count, morphology functions.

• Plasma Proteins– Production,concentration, types, Albumin,Globulin,Fibrinogen, Prothrombinfunctions

• Hemostasis– Definition, normal haemostasis, clottingfactors, mechanism of clotting, disorders of clotting factors.
• Bodyfluid–pH,normal value,regulationandvariation.

• Blood groups– ABO system, Rh system
• Bloodgrouping&typing, Blood Transfusion reaction
• Crossmatching
• Anticoagulants–Classification, examples anduses
• Anemia:Classification,effectsofanemia onbody
• Blood Volume-Normal value, determinationof bloodvolume andregulationofbloodvolume

• The composition of blood
• Introduction to hemoglobin
• Introduction to white blood cells
• Introduction to platelets
• Introduction to plasma protein
• Introduction to hemostasis
• Introduction to anticoagulants
• Diseases related to blood deficiency

Desirable to know

• Function of blood
• Hemoglobin estimation test
• Blood groups
• Blood clotting factors

Module 2

• Heart –Physiological anatomy, Nerve supply
• PropertiesofCardiacmuscle

• Cardiac cycle-systole, diastole

• Intraventricularpressure curves
• Cardiac Output–
• Heart sounds- Normalheart sounds, cause characteristicsandsignification, Heartrate, areasofauscultation.
• Blood Pressure– Definition,normalvalue,clinicalmeasurement of bloodpressure. Physiological variations,regulationofheartrate,cardiac shock,hypotension,hypertension. Pulse–radial pulse, tripleresponse

• Electrocardiogram (ECG)–signific

• Introduction to heart
• Physiology & anatomy of heart
• Cardiac cycle
• Definition of cardiovascular disease
• Significance of ECG
• Definition of blood pressure
• Management of blood pressure

Desirable to know

• Functions of heart
• Normal blood pressure level

• Physiological anatomyof Gastrointestinaltract,
• Functionsofdigestive system
• Salivaryglands-Structure andfunctions
• Deglutition–stagesandregulation
• Stomach– structure andfunctions
• Gastric secretion–Composition, function, regulation of gastric juice secretion
• Pancreas –structure,function,composition,regulationofpancreatic juice
• Liver–functionsofliver
• Bile secretion,composition,function,regulationofbile secretion
• Bilirubinmetabolism- types ofbilirubin, Vandenbergreaction
• Jaundice-types, significance.
• Intestine –smallintestine andlarge intestine
• Smallintestine –functions- digestive,absorption, movements.

• Largeintestine – functions, digestionandabsorptionofCarbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Lipids Defecation

• Introduction of digestive system
• Physiology and anatomy of GI Tract
• Introduction to salivary glands
• Introduction to stomach
• Upper GI Tract
• Lower GI Tract

Desirable to know

• Functions of digestive system

 Module 4

• Functionsof Respiratorysystem
• PhysiologicalAnatomyofRespiratorysystem
• Mechanismofnormalandrigorousrespiration
• Forcesopposingandfavoringexpansionof thelungs
• Intra pulmonarypleural pressure, surfacetension,recoiltendencyofthe wall.
• TransportationofRespiratorygases:
• TransportationofOxygen& Carbon dioxide.
• Lungvolumesandcapacities
• Regulationofrespiration,MechanismsofRegulation-nervousand chemicalregulation
• Hearing BreuerReflexes.

• AppliedPhysiologyandRespiration: Hypoxia,Cyanosis, Asphyxia,Dyspnea,Dysbarism, ArtificialRespiration, Apnea.

• Introduction of respiratory system
• Physiology and anatomy of respiratory system
• Mechanism of respiratory system

Desirable to know

• Transportation of respiratory gases
• Diseases of respiratory tract

Module 5

• Definition, Classification ofEndocrine glands&theirHormones
• Thyroidglandhormone– Physiological, Anatomy,Hormone secreted, Physiologicalfunction, regulationofsecretion
• Disorders–hypoandhypersecretionofhormone
• Adrenal gland,Adrenal cortexphysiologic anatomy ofadrenal gland
• Adrenalcortex, cortical hormones–functionsandregulation
• Adrenalmedulla– Hormones,regulationandsecretion.  FunctionsofAdrenalineandnor adrenaline
• Pituitaryhormones– Anteriorandposteriorpituitaryhormones,secretion, function
• Pancreas– Hormonesofpancreas
• Insulin–secretion,regulation, function andaction
• Diabetesmellitus–Regulationofbloodglucoselevel
• Parathyroidgland–function,action, regulation of secretionofparathyroidhormone
• Calcitonin–functionandaction

• Calcium Homeostasis

• Introduction of endocrine system
• Classification of endocrine system
• Functions of endocrine system
• Disorder of endocrine system
• Disease condition related to endocrine system disorder

 Module 6

• Vision– structure ofeye.  Functionofdifferent parts. Structure ofretina
• Hearing-structure andfunctionof ear,mechanism ofhearing

• Taste–Tastebudsfunctions. Smell physiology, Receptors

• Introduction to human senses
• Structure, functions of eyes
• Structure, functions of ear
• Hearing mechanism
• Structure, physiology &functions of tongue

• Function of taste buds

Module 7

• Functionsof Nervoussystem,Neuron structure,classificationandproperties
• Neuroglia, Nerve fiber,classification, conduction ofimpulsescontinuousandsalutatory
• Velocityof impulse transmissionandfactorsaffecting
• Synapse –structure,types,properties
• Receptors– Definition,classification, properties
• Reflexaction–unconditionedpropertiesof reflexaction, Babinski’ssign
• Spinal cordnervetracts –Ascendingtracts,descendingtracts–pyramidaltracts–Extrapyramidal tracts
• FunctionsofMedulla,pons,hypothalamic disorders
• Cerebralcortexlobesandfunctions, Sensorycortex,Motorcortex,Cerebellum functionsofCerebellum
• Basal ganglia-functions
• EEG
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):formation,circulation,properties,compositionandfunctions lumbarpuncture.
• Autonomic NervousSystem:Sympathetic andparasympatheticdistributionandfunctionsand comparisonoffunctions.

• Introduction to nervous system
• Classification of nervous system
• Neuron structure
• Definition of reflex action
• Introduction to EEG
• Introduction to CSF
• Introduction to human receptors

Desirable to know

• Function of nervous system
• Properties of reflex action
• Functions of medulla, pons and hypothalamic disorder
• Basal ganglia functions

Module 8

• Excretoryorgans
• Kidneys:Functionsofkidneysstructuralandfunctionalunitnephron,vasarecta,cortical and juxta-medullarynephrons–Comparison
• Juxta Glomerular Apparatus–Structure andfunction
• Renalcirculationpeculiarities
• MechanismofUrine formation: Ultrafiltration criteria forfiltrationGFR, Plasma fraction, EFP,factorseffectingEFR.  DeterminationofGFR selectivereabsorption–sitesof reabsorption, substance reabsorbedmechanismsofreabsorptionGlucose,and urea.
• HClaminoacidsetc. TMG,Tubularload,renalthreshold%ofreabsorptionofdifferent substances, selective secretion
• Propertiesandcompositionofnormalurine,urineoutput
• Counter– Current Mechanisms:Micturition, Innervations ofBladder,Cystourethrogram. Diuretics:Water, Diuretics,osmotic diuretics, artificial kidney,renalfunctiontests–plasma clearance Actionsof ADH,Aldosterone and PTHonkidneys

• Renalfunctiontests

• Introduction to renal system
• Introduction to kidneys
• nephrons
• renal circulation
• mechanism of urine formation
• renal function test

Desirable to know

• Function of kidney
• Composition of normal urine
• Disease related to renal system

• FunctionofReproductive system,Puberty,male reproductive system. Functionsoftestes, spermatogenesis site,stages,and factorsinfluencingsemen. Endocrine functionsoftestes
• Androgens–Testosterone structureandfunctions.
• Femalereproductive system: Ovulation, menstrualcycle
• Physiological changesduringpregnancy,pregnancytest

• Lactation:Compositionofmilkfactorscontrollinglactation

• Introduction to reproductive system
• Function of reproductive system
• Female reproductive system
• Male reproductive system
• Physiological Changes during pregnancy
• Physiological Changes during lactation

Desirable to know

• Function of kidney
• Composition of milk during lactation

• Disease related to renal system

• Classificationofmuscle,structure ofskeletal muscle, Sarcomere contractile proteins, neuromuscularjunction
• Transmissionacross, neuromuscularjunction
• Excitation contractioncoupling

• Mechanism ofmusclecontraction,muscle tone,fatigue: Rigormortis.

• Classification of muscles
• Structure of skeletal muscle
• Mechanism of muscle contraction

Desirable to know

• Function of protein in muscle formation

Module 11

• Bodytemperaturemeasurement,
• Physiologicalvariation,
• Regulationofbody temperature by physicalchemical andnervousmechanisms

• RoleofHypothalamus,Hypothermiaandfever

• Introduction to skin structure
• Layers of skin
• Physiology
• Regulation of body temperature

Desirable to know

• Role of hypothalamus, hypothermia and fever