CURRICULUM | DIPLOMA MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY | FIRST YEAR

•         Method of specimen collection (Blood, Plasma, Serum, Urine and other body fluids)

•         Pre-analytical & analytical variables

•         Use of preservatives in specimen collection

•         Use of proper Anticoagulants in specimen collection

10

Overview of the functioning of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory.

Introduction to glass wares:

•         Burettes and Beakers.

•         Flasks and their applications (volumetric, conical and round bottomed).

•         Reagent Bottles (graduated , common, Wash bottles and specimen bottles).

•         Funnels and their uses.

•         Measuring cylinders.

•         Test tubes and eppendorf tubes.

•         Test tube draining rack, bottle racks, Pipette stands, tripod stand, wire gauze and Bunsen burner.

•         Cuvettes and their application  in Colorimetry and Spectrdophotometry.

•         Bottle Dispensers and their Maintenance.

•         Maintenance, Care and cleaning of laboratory glassware.

•         Oven

•         Incubators

•         Water Distillation Plant and Deionizers

•         Refrigerators

•         Centrifuges

•         Laboratory Balance

•         Electrical Balances

•         Colorimeter

•         Spectrophotometer

•         pH Meter, its calibration & uses.

15

•         Normality, molality, molarity

•         Concentrations of solutions by w/w, w/v, v/v etc.

•         Molar solutions and Percent solutions.

•         Proper method of dilution of a solution or a laboratory sample.

•         Preparation of standard solutions.

•         Significance of volumetric flask in preparing standard solutions.

•         Preparation of a stock standard and working standard.

•         Saturated and supersaturated solutions.

20

•         Indicators and their Functions

•         Buffers of the body

5

(At the end of the training the student must be able to)

(Total-70 hrs)

Microscopy

Light microscope, Dark field, Phase contrast microscopy, Fluorescent & Electron microscopy

Physical Methods of Sterilization

Chemical Methods of Sterilization

Methods of Disinfection

Structure and working principle of basic instruments used in sterilization: Hot air oven, Autoclave.

Physical conditions necessary for microbial growth (temperature, pH, gaseous requirements (aerobic and anaerobic growth and culture technique); growth, bacterial growth curve (lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, decline phase)

Physical conditions necessary for microbial growth (temperature, pH, gaseous requirements (aerobic and anaerobic growth and culture technique); growth, bacterial growth curve (lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, decline phase)

(transformation, transduction, conjugation)

(a) Culture Media & Transport Media

(b)Sample collection and transport Methods

(c)Aerobic Bacterial Culture Techniques

(d)Anaerobic Bacterial Culture Techniques

(e)Smear preparation & Staining methods

(f)Principle and techniques of biochemical Test

Perform how to do Sample collection and transport Methods of blood, sputum, urine, feces, and swabs-nasopharengeal, rectal and wound

PerformStreak culture (surface plating), Lawn or carpet culture, Stroke culture, Stab culture, Pour Plate culture

ElaborateAnaerobic Bacterial Culture Techniques.

Perform Smear preparation, Gram staining, Z N staining

Perform techniques of biochemical Test which includes Catalase, Coagulase, Oxidase, Indole, MR, VP, Urease, Citrate, Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sugar Fermentation Tests).

 (b) The topic should cover demonstration of Sample collection and transport Methods of blood, sputum, urine, feces, and swabs-nasopharengeal, rectal and wound

(c) The topic should coverStreak culture (surface plating), Lawn or carpet culture, Stroke culture, Stab culture, Pour Plate culture

(d) The topic should cover Anaerobic Bacterial Culture Techniques by

Production of a vacuum.

Displacement of oxygen.

By displacement and combustion of oxygen.

Absorption of oxygen by chemical or Biological Methods.

By reducing agents.

Anaerobic chamber

 (e) The topic should cover Principle Procedure and Interpretation of Gram staining, Z N staining

 (f) The topic should cover techniques of biochemical Test which includes Catalase, Coagulase, Oxidase, Indole, MR, VP, Urease, Citrate, Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sugar Fermentation Tests).

Didactic, video and practical demonstration. Students seminars and practical demonstration

Bacteria

Morphology, Classification

Human infection caused by bacteria

Explain-Morphology of bacteria: Fine structure of bacteria: Size, shapes and arrangement of bacterial cells;

 Human infection caused by bacteria: tuberculosis, tetanus

The topic should cover-Morphology of bacteria: Fine structure of bacteria: Size, shapes and arrangement of bacterial cells;

 Human infection caused by bacteria: tuberculosis, tetanus

Morphology, Classification

Human infection caused by Viruses

Human infection caused by Viruses: AIDS and hepatitis B

Human infection caused by Viruses: AIDS and hepatitis B

Morphology, Classification

Human infection caused by Fungi

Morphology: general structure of common fungus- Aspergillus, Penicillium.

Human infection caused by Fungi: Superficial Mycoses:

Dermatophytes,

Candidiasis.

Human infection caused by Fungi: Superficial Mycoses:

Dermatophytes,

Candidiasis.

Morphology, Classification

Human infection caused by Parasite

Human infection caused by Parasite: Entamoeba and Giardia

Human infection caused by Parasite: Entamoeba and Giardia

Immunity

Antigen & Antibody

Antigen antibody reactions I

Precipitation

Agglutination

Antigen antibody reactions II.

Complement fixation, Neutralization,

ELISA, RIA, IF

Demonstrate difference between Innate immunity

And Acquired immunity (adaptive immunity) Active and passive immunity

Antigen & Antibody-General Structure and types

Antigen antibody reactions I

Precipitation, Agglutination

Antigen antibody reactions II

Complement fixation, Neutralization, ELISA, RIA, IF

 To cover Innate immunity

And Acquired immunity (adaptive immunity) Active and passive immunity

 Antigen & Antibody-General Structure and types

Antigen antibody reactions I

Precipitation, Agglutination

Antigen antibody reactions II

 Complement fixation, Neutralization, ELISA, RIA, IF

Antimicrobials and their mode of action

Mechanisms of drug resistance                                                                              

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

(a)Diffusion Methods Dilution Methods

Perform

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing

They should be able to explain Antimicrobials and their mode of action

Mechanisms of drug resistance                                                                              

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

Diffusion Methods

Dilution Methods

They should be able to explain Antimicrobials and their mode of action

 Mechanisms of drug resistance

 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

 Diffusion Methods

Dilution Methods

Morphology, culture characteristic, identification, diseases caused and laboratory diagnosis of following bacteria.

Staphylococcus,

Streptococcus,

Streptococcus pneumonae

Neisseria,

Corynebacterium,

Clostridium,

Mycobacteria,

Bacillus,                                                                                                             Shigella,

Salmonella, E.coli,

Klebsiella, Proteus,                                                                                            Vibrio, Pseudomonas

Spirochetes

Reproduce Morphology, culture characteristic, identification, diseases caused and laboratory diagnosis of following bacteria.

Staphylococcus,

Streptococcus,

Streptococcus pneumonae

Neisseria,

Corynebacterium,

Clostridium,

Mycobacteria,

Bacillus,

Shigella,

Salmonella,

E.coli,

Klebsiella,

Proteus,

Vibrio,

Pseudomonas

Spirochetes

Staphylococcus,

Streptococcus,

Streptococcus pneumonae

Neisseria,

Corynebacterium,

Clostridium,

Mycobacteria,

Bacillus,

Shigella,

Salmonella,

E.coli,

Klebsiella,

Proteus,

Vibrio,

Pseudomonas

Spirochetes

Didactic, video and presentation

(At the end of this teaching the students should be able to)

Pathology & its branches

Normal cell and its functions

Various types of microscope & light microscope in details.

Branches of pathology including haematology, cytology, histopathology, blood banking, immunology

Didactic

Group discussion

Seminar

05hr

Introduction to haematology and laboratory Organization.

Formation of Blood

Composition and functions of blood

Various anticoagulants, their uses, mode of action and their merits & demerits.

Collection & preservation of blood for various hematological investigations.

Normal haematological indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, PCV)

Normal and absolute values in haematology.

Quality assurance in hematology.

Various methods of estimation of Hb involved and standardization of instrument.

Haemocytometery:- Procedure of cell count, visual as well as electronic red cell, Leukocytes and platelet count.

Romanowsky dyes, preparation and staining procedure of blood smears.

Morphology of normal blood cells and their identification.

ESR & Factors influencing ESR and various procedures for its estimation.

They also able to demonstrate the sample collection & preservation of blood for various haematological investigations in refrigerators.

They will able to describe normal and absolute values of haematology investigations.

They able to know quality assurance in haematology,

They will demonstrate methods, their principle & know the factors which affects  of Hb estimation, Haemocytometer, Romanowsky dyes & ESR

The topic should cover all haematological investigation CBC, DLC, red cell’s indices, ESR.

Blood components- whole blood, FFP, PCV, PRP, SDP.

Various anticoagulants-EDTA, Trisodiumcitrate,Heparin, double oxalate, sodium fluoride.

Quality assurance includes data managements, record checking, to examine the results of quality controls.

Method of Hb estimation –Sahli, Cynometh-haemoglobine, oxyhaemoglobine and standarazation.

Manual method of haemocytometer –neubaurchamber TLC, TRBC & Platelets

Automated method-   Semiautomated& Fully automated usually have a high level of precision.

Romanowsky dyes-wright’s, Giemsa, Jenner &leishman’s stains.

Method of ESR estimation – westergren’s&wintrobe’s method

Didactic

Student interactive session

Seminar

05hr

Normal urine- Physical and chemical properties.

Body fluid sample such as CSF, pleural fluid &Ascitic fluid –normal values.

Semen – Normal

Describe Physical and chemical properties of urine, normal composition of CSF, pleural fluid and ascetic fluid and semen

Chemical test includes- Heat acetic acid test &eshbachalbinometer for protein detection, Benedict’s test for sugar detection, Rothera’s test for ketones  detection, fouchet’s test for bile pigment detection,   Hay’s suffer test for bile salt detection,

Semen analysis includes – normal sperm counts, morphology, motility, viability of sperms

Didactic

Seminar

Group discussion

10hr

History and discovery of blood group system.

ABO and Rhesus blood group system.

Other blood group system.

The topic should cover discovery of blood groups, type of blood groups- ABO, Rh, duffy, Kell, lewis, Bombay blood group

Didactic

Seminar

10hr

Grossing, Tissue Processing, Fixation, section cutting & staining with Haematoxylin& eosin with other special staining.

Biomedical waste management

Perform Biomedical waste management

Routine staining- H&E,

Special staining- PAS, Reticulin, MT, ZN staining. Methods of Biomedical waste management

Didactic

Student interactive session

Group discussion

10hr